| Statuss(Aktīvs) | Izdruka | Arhīvs(0) | Studiju plāns Vecais plāns | Kursu katalogs | Vēsture |
| Course title | Bio-ecological Base of Crop Production |
| Course code | LauZ5135 |
| Credit points (ECTS) | 6 |
| Total Hours in Course | 162 |
| Number of hours for lectures | 24 |
| Number of hours for seminars and practical classes | 24 |
| Independent study hours | 114 |
| Date of course confirmation | 23/04/2021 |
| Responsible Unit | Institute of Soil and Plant Science |
| Course developers | |
| Dr. agr., asoc. prof. Kaspars Kampuss Dr. agr., prof. (Emeritus) Aleksandrs Adamovičs Ph.D., doc. Agrita Švarta |
|
| There is no prerequisite knowledge required for this course | |
| Course abstract | |
| The aim of the course is to have an in-depth knowledge of the role of the cultivated plants in the world plant system, understand the growth and development and the biology of crop formation, as well as opportunities to optimize them The course contains the following topics. Role, position, products and production volume of field and grassland crops in the world, Europe and Latvia. Biology and ecology of forage grasses and legumes as base of grassland management. Agroecological factors influencing yield of fied crops and grasslands. Yield levels. Sun radiation, PAR and light. Productive moisture. Temperature regime in biocenosis of fields and grasslands. Biocenosis and the environment. Grassland ecosystems, their formation. Components, structure, external and internal communication of grassland ecosystems. Interaction of organisms in grassland ecosystems. Organization of grassland phytocenoses. Structure of grassland phytocenoses. Component dynamics in grassland ecosystems. Natural grasslands. Sown grasslands. Biological stresses. Kinds of plant nutrition, provision of plants with nutrition elements. Energetic estimation of plant production. Principles of choice for growingt of plant species and cultivars. Growth and development of horticultural crops, crop formation biology. Preharvest and postharvest processes in horticultural crops’ yield and their optimization possibilities. Vegetation and rest periods of the horticultural crops, frost hardiness and winterhardiness. | |
| Learning outcomes and their assessment | |
| Master students acquire in-depth knowledge on agro-ecological factors determining yield and its quality of different level in biocenosis of field crops, grassland, and horticultural crops (lectures, practical works, tests).
Master students comprehend the role, relations and interaction of different yield and its quality determining factors. They have skills to soften adverse effect of unregulated factors by alteration of controllable factors’ effect (practical works, tests, reports, seminars). As a result, master students working in production and/or advisory services, and/or research, are competent to balance and push effect of different yield and its quality affecting factors to desirable direction; they are competent to study and discuss scientific and other literature on topics of study course, as well as to justify own decisions and opinions (tests, reports, seminars, exam). |
|
| Course Content(Calendar) | |
| 1.Condition, production volumes, types of production of field and grassland crop production in the world, Europe and in Latvia.
2.Types of plant classification; factors affecting field crop productivity, their grouping, interconnections. 3.Impact of climatic, meteorological and agronomic factors on yield formation. 4.Temperature as a plant growth factor; heat supply and the length of vegetation period. Various temperature ratings, calculations and evaluations of active and effective temperatures, growing degree days etc. for various field crops. 5.Estimation of moisture supply for different field crops during the vegetation period. Evapotranspiration. Hydrothermal coefficient as a measure of moisture supply. 1st test on previously studied topics (points 1 to 6). 6.Photosynthetically active radiation (FAR), its coverage in different climatic zones. Photosynthetic potential. 7.Sowing lighting. Photosynthetically active leaf surface and methods influencing its size. 8.Leaf area, leaf area index, net productivity of photosynthesis. 9.Possibilities to predict yield according to provision of various factors. 10.Field crop yield components, their compensation ability; bio-energy efficiency of field crop production. 11.Principles of choosing species and varieties for growing. a.2nd test on topics from points 7 to 12. 12.Autotrophic components of grassland ecosystems. 13.Heterotrophic components of grassland ecosystems. 14.Grassland crops biological stress (moisture regime, heat and light regime, soil air and pH level, its evaluation methods. 15.Grassland crops seed and seed mixtures. a.3th test on topics from points 11,12 and 15. 16.Organization of grassland crop phytocenosis. Basic forms of grassland crop relations in grassland cenoses. 17.Floristic composition of meadow phytocenoses. The floristic diversity and deficiency of meadow phytocenoses. 18.Composition of grassland crop cenotic populations in grassland cenozes. 19.The structure of grassland phytocenoses. Sward architectonics. 20.Component dynamics in grassland ecosystems (Seasonal inconsistency, annual changes of grassland phytocenoses, change of plant multitude) a.4th test on topics from points 16 to 20. 21.Growth and development of horticultural plants. Main stages and periods of development. 2 h 22.Ecological factors influencing the growth and development of horticultural plants. Importance of changing seasons in perennial plants’ life. 2 h 23.Horticultural plant dormancy period, its peculiarities. Hardening, frost-hardiness, winter hardiness. Required chilling period. Endodormancy and ecodormancy. Tissue frost damages. Winter hardiness of different parts of the plant. 3 h 24.Flowering, pollination and fertilization of horticultural plants. Flower bud initiation, factors affecting it and hormonal regulation. Factors, affecting pollination in different horticultural plant species. Fertilization, factors affecting it and regulation. Self-pollination, cross-pollination, self-fertility, self-sterility, parthenocarpia. 2 h 25.Biology of horticultural plant yield formation. Fruit growth, maturation and ripening. Biochemical and physiological changes in the fruit during maturation. Physiological damage of the fruit during growth and storage, its determining factors and their control possibilities 2 h 26.Biology of storage of horticultural plants (fruits, vegetables, flowers). Aging and senescence of plants and possibilities of its regulation. Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Ethylene. Respiration and transpiration. Use of storage regimes and fruit post-harvest treatments to slow down ripening and senescence. 3 h 27.Potential impact of climate change on the growth and development of horticultural plants, their yield quality and quantity 2 h a.5th test about points 21st – 27th |
|
| Requirements for awarding credit points | |
| The study course consists of three parts: (1) field crops, (2) grassland crops, and (3) horticultural crops;
Requirements for the (1) part •Five short written tests (10 minutes are given before learning the topic) to stimulate thinking at the beginning of classes. •A short (5 – 7 min) seminar assignment report – homework – should be prepared and presented orally to the group during the lecture of the specific topic. •After mastering specific topics two tests evaluated with a grade should be written. Each test consists of two theoretical questions and one calculation task. •Final report with a presentation on the effects of selected plant growth factors on the growth and development of a crop. Requirements for the (2) part •Three short written tests (Autotrophic, heterotrophic organisms of grassland ecosystems, grassland crop seed mixtures for meadows and pastures, time allowed 15 min) •After studying certain topics, two tests, evaluated with a grade, should be written. Each test consists of three theoretical questions. •Final report with a presentation. Students choose the topic of the report from the list offered by the lecturer. Requirements for the (3) part •Test (5th) about topics in horticultural crops •Seminar (presentation) about topics in the part 3 , agreed with the lecturer |
|
| Description of the organization and tasks of students’ independent work | |
| (1)part
1.Prepare short reports on specific topics, using research results from one (not more than three) scientific article published in international journal. Reporting time 5–7 min. 2.The main 15 min report should be prepared using research results on the given topic from at least 3 scientific articles (more can be used), obtained in various climatic and/or soil conditions. Scientific articles published in international journals have to be used. The use of specific articles should be agreed with the lecturer before preparing the report. (2)part 1.Final report (Word format) up to 12 p.) should be written using research results on a chosen topic. Scientific articles published in international journals, collections of international conference proceedings or monographs. (3)Part 1.Preparation of the presentation about the topic of part 3 and presenting it during a seminar to the group of students. Use the scientific and professional literature. Length of the presentation – 15 min. In all three parts – preparation for tests. |
|
| Criteria for Evaluating Learning Outcomes | |
| •The evaluation of the study course exam depends on the evaluation of the exam answers and the cumulative evaluation of the course tests and home works.
•Students, whose grades of the study course tests and reports are on average at least 7, may not take the written exam, and get an average arithmetic evaluation from the grades of the works done during the study course. •In order to take the exam, all works evaluated with a grade, must be evaluated with at least 4 points, others – passed. •Tests and the main report are evaluated with a grade from 10 point scale, short reports – with “passed” without a grade. The exam (final) grade of the entire course is obtained as the arithmetic mean from the final evaluation of each course part. |
|
| Compulsory reading | |
| 1.Adamovičs A. (2017). Zālāju ierīkošana un izmantošana: mācību grāmata, otrs, papildināts izdevums. Jelgava, 140 lpp.
2.Augkopība (2004). Ruža A. (red.). LLU, Jelgava, 374 lpp. 3.Alfalfa and Alfa Improvement (1998). Edited by Hanson A.A, Barues D.K., R.R. Hill et al. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin (USA).1084 p. 4.Bankina B., Gaile Z. (2014). Ziemāju labības un to slimības. LLU, Jelgava, 104 lpp. 5. Brian J. Wilsey (2018) The Biology of Grasslands. Oxford University Press. P.206 6.Champan G.P. (1996). The biology of grasses. CAB International, Oxou, 273 p. 7.Clover science and technology (1985). Ed. N.L. Taelor, ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). 616 p. 8.Cool-season forage grasses (1996). Edited by L.E.Moser et al., ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). 841 p. 9.Copeland L.O., McDonald M.B. (1995). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. 3rd Edition. USA: Chapman & Hall, P. 409. 10.Crop Science: Progress and Prospects (2001). Nösberger J., Geiger H.H., Struik P.C. (eds.). CAB International, [s. l.], 398 p. 11.David J. Gibson (2009) Grasses and Grassland Ecology. Oxford University Press.P.323 12.Forages. Volume I. An introduction to Grassland Agriculture (2013). Edited by R.F. Barnes, C.J. Nelson, M. Collins, K.J. Moore, Jowa State University Press, Ames, Jowa (USA), 556 p. 13.Forages. Volume II. The science of Grassland Agriculture (2013). Edited by Forages. Volume I. An introduction to Grassland Agriculture (2013). Edited by R.F. Barnes, C.J. Nelson, M. Collins, K.J. Moore, Jowa State University Press, Ames, Jowa (USA), 791 p. 14.Frame J. and Laidlaw A.S. (2014). Improved Grassland Management. The Growood Press Ltd, United Kingdom, 352 p. 15.Principles of Modern Fruit Science (2019) Sansavini, S., Costa, G., Gucci, R., Inglese, P., Ramina, A., Xiloyannis, C., and Desjardins,Y., (eds.). Leuven, Belgium: ISHS, 421 p. 16.Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Ed. by J. Tromp, A.D. Webster, S.J.Wetheim. Leiden: Backuys Publishers, 2005. 400 p. 17.Wills R.B.H., McGlasson W.B., Graham D., Joyce D.C. Postharvest. An introduction to the physiology and handling of fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. 5th edition. UK: CABI Publishing, 2007. 227 p 18.Bumbura M., Jaudzeme V., Muižarāja E., Pētersone (1967). Augu morfoloģija un anatomija.- Rīga: Zvaigzne. 507 lpp. 19.Modern technology in vegetable production (2011)/ed. by P. Hazra. Pitam Pura, New Delhi : New India Publishing Agency,413 20.Brickell C. (2010) RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Great Britain: Dorling Kindersley. 744 p. Hartmann and Kester’s Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, 9th Edition (2017). Fred T. Davies, Jr., Robert L. Geneve, and Sandra B. Wilson. Pearson Education, Inc., New York, 1004 |
|
| Further reading | |
| 1.Frame J. (1992). Improved Grassland management. Farming Press, United Kingdom, 351 p.
2.Gibson DJ. Grasses and grassland ecology. 2009. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 305 pp. 3.Whitehead D.C. (1995). Grassland Nitrogen. CAB International, Wallinford, 397 p. 4.Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress (1994). Pessarakli M. (ed.). Chapman & Hall, [s. l.], 720 p. 5.Mauriņa H. Augu fizioloģija. Rīga: Zvaigzne, 1987. 358 lpp. 6.The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. J. Janick, R.E. Paull. (ed.). Wallingford, UK; Cambridge, MA: CAB International, 2008. 954 p. 7.Salunkhe D. K. Salunkhe, Kadam S. S.(1998) Handbook of vegetable science and technology: production, composition, storage, and processing CRC Press, 721 p. 8.Improving the health-promoting properties of fruit end vegetable products. F.A.Tomas-Barberan, M.I.Gil (ed.). England: Woodhead Publishing, 2008. 559 p. 9.Temperate and subtropical fruit production. D. I. Jackson, N. E. Looney (ed.). 2nd edition. UK: CABI Publishing, 2006. 332 p. 10.Skrīvele M., Ikase L. 2013. Latvijas ābeles. Rīga: Jumava, 136 lpp. 11.Kārkliņš J., Skrīvele M., Kaufmane E., Ikase L. 2007. Plūmju šķirnes. LVAI, Dobele, 204 lpp. 12.Kārkliņš J. 2004. Bumbieru šķirnes. Dobele, 299 lpp. 13.Ruisa S., Kaufmane E. 2008. Ķiršu, aprikožu un persiku šķirnes. Latvijas Pomoloģija, Izd. Latvijas Valsts Augļkopības institūts, 216 lpp. 14.Strautiņa S., Kalniņa I. 2019. Avenes un to audzēšana. Rīga: Jumava, 15.Strautiņa S., Kaufmane E. 2011. Dobeles ceriņi. Rīga: Jumava, 96.lpp. 16.Skrīvele M., Rubauskis E., Strautiņa S. 2011. Augļu koku un ogulāju veidošana. Rīga: Zvaigzne ABC, 96.lpp. 17.Vēsturiskie dārzi. Šķirņu katalogs. Kviklys D., Gelvonauskiene D., Karkleliene R., Juškevičiene D., Dambrauskiene E., Uselis N., Lanauskas J., Ikase L., Lepse L., Kaufmane E., Feldmane D., Dēķena Dz., Zeipiņa S. Babtai: Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centras filialas Sodininkystės ir daržininkystės institutas, 2019. 175 p. 18.brīvpieejas informācijas avots: http://fruittechcentre.eu/sites/default/files/2019-03/skirnu_katalogs_elektroniska_versija_HG.pdf 19.Valero, Daniel. Postharvest biology and technology for preserving fruit quality [elektroniskais resurss] / Daniel Valero and Maria Serrano. Boca Raton, Fla. : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. 287 p. 20.Gough, Bob. An encyclopedia of small fruit [elektroniskais resurss] / Bob Gough. Binghamton, N.Y. : Haworth Food & Agricultural Products Press, 2007. 161 p. 21.Taiz L., Zeiger E. Plant Physiology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2006. 764 p. 22.Rosa L. A., Alvarez-Parrilla E., González-Aguilar G A. Fruit and vegetable phytochemicals :chemistry, nutritional value and stability, Ames, Iowa, (2010) Wiley-Blackwell, 367 23.Луговодство и пастбишное хозячйство (1990). И.В.Ларин, А.Ф.Иванов, П.П.Бегучев и др. Агропромиздат, Ленинград, 600с. 24.Рaботнов Т. (1985). Экология луговых растений. МГУ, Москвa, 176 с. 25.Райс Э. (1978). Аллелопатия. Мир, Москвa, 392 с. 26.Куделин Б.П. (1988). Сеянные многолетние травы. Зинатне, Рига, 332 с. Koломейченко В.В. (2015). Кормопроизводство. Санкт–Петербург, Москва, Краснодар. Лань, 656 c. 27.Одум Ю. (1975). Основы экологии. Мир, Москва, 740 с. 28.Уиттекр Р. (1980). Сообщества и экосистемы: Перевод с англ. Прогресс, Москвa, 328 с. |
|
| Periodicals and other sources | |
| Zinātniskie žurnāli un rakstu krājumi, kas pieejami LLU FB abonētajās datu bāzēs, piemēram: Rural Sustainability Research (LLU Raksti), Agronomijas Vēstis, Agronomy Research, Žemdirbyste=Agriculture, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Sec. B Soil and Plant Science, Crop Science, LF un LPTF konferenču un semināru Rakstu krājumi utt. – atbilstoši tematikai. | |
| Notes | |
| Compulsory course for MSc. Programme “Agriculture” with specialisation in Plant sciences; 1st semester. Exam. | |